| Debevoise, Neilson C. (continued) | ||
| Parthian pottery from Seleucia on the Tigris (1934) | ||
| In: University of Michigan studies. Humanistic series. vol. 32 | ||
| Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1934, 132 p. | ||
| Abstract:
See review: Friedrich Sarre, Archiv fur Orientforschung 11 (1936-1937), pages 79-80. The Kelsey Museum has the largest collection of Parthian ceramics outside Iraq. Parthian Pottery from Seleucia on the Tigris by Nelson C. Debevoise treats the nearly 1,600 Seleucian vessels that remained intact or sufficiently complete to provide a drawing shape. Debevoise records the history of Parthian ceramics in a city that was for two centuries the cultural center of Hellenistic life in "the land of the two rivers". Second only to coins as dating material, the products of the potter's wheel provide one of the best chronological scales for archaeologists. Owing to the very nature of the material, however, pottery seldom remains intact and rarely bears a date. Archaeologists must therefore depend on catalogues of comparative material, none of which existed in the field of Parthian ceramics before the University's expedition to Seleucia. To devise a satisfactory system of chronology for dating the pottery, Debevoise first reviewed the coins (see Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris, by Robert H. McDowell), some 30,000 of which were found at Seleucia, half with a definite provenance. Since these were datable and occurred with pottery at all levels, they provided a fairly accurate chronological index for the Parthian period. Debevoise also referred to McDowell's research on dated clay seals pertaining to taxes, salt, and slaves in order to obtain further points of chronological reference vis-a-vis the Parthian pottery. Once the chronology of the ceramics was established, it was possible to deduce other information. Research revealed that Seleucian pottery was made from local clay on a true potter's wheel, with a few pot covers and certain irregular shapes that were made by hand being the exception. When completed, the pot was removed with a piece of string from the wheel and was set aside to dry before firing. Some very thin ware was reworked before firing, and handles were stuck on after drying had progressed to a certain point. Kilns were probably fired with bundles of camel thorn, a bush that still grows in the region. In manufacture, great care in technique is apparent from the earliest levels excavated. Seleucia reached the peak of its prosperity under the Hellenistic Greeks and this economic wealth was reflected in careful workmanship. With the growth in political and economic importance of the Parthian city of Ctesiphon across the river, Seleucia probably suffered a slow decline, reflected in the increasing carelessness of manufacture and glazing and even in a decline in the amount of pottery in use. Similarly, changes in shape of cooking pots and storage jars are easily observable at different levels of excavation. The greater part of the pottery from Seleucia was discovered where the inhabitants left it, discarded and broken; only a small percent was taken from graves. [Kelsey] | ||
| "The essential Characteristics of Parthian and Sassanian Glyptic Art" (1934) | ||
| Berytus, 1934, vol. 1, p. 12-18. | ||
| A political history of Parthia (1938) | ||
| Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938, xliii+303 p. | ||
| Abstract:
"The references to Parthian affairs in the classical literature are well-known and relatively uncontroversial. Fortunately, they are incorporated in the narrative of N. C. Debevoise...." [Sellwood 1980, p. 309]. Large bibliography. Cited by Frye [1984, p. 205] as still the authoritative source. Also, University of Chicago Press 1969 double-page reprint available; also, Greenwood Press reprint, 1970. See reviews: G. Messina, Orientalia N.S. 8 (1939), pp. 296-297; G. Contenau, Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientale 35 (1938) 35:2, pp. 124-125; C. Bradford Welles, Classical Philology, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct., 1939) , pp. 394-396; Frank E. Brown, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1938) , p. 617; W. W. Tarn, Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 30, Part 1 (1940) , pp. 110-112; V. Minorsky, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1940) , pp. 541-542. | ||
| "Parthian Seals" (1938) | ||
| In: Pope, Arthur Upham & Ackerman, Phyllis (eds.), A Survey of Persian art from prehistoric times to the present (1981 Centennial edition), vol. 1 | ||
| New York: Maxwell Aley Literary Associates, 1981, 3 ed., p. 471-474. | ||
| "The Origin of Decorative Stucco" (1941) | ||
| American Journal of Archaeology, 1941, vol. 45, no. 1 (Jan-Mar), p. 45-61. | ||
| "The Rock Reliefs of Ancient Iran" (1942) | ||
| Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1942, vol. 1 (Jan), p. 76-105. | ||
| Deblauwe, Francis | ||
| A Spatial Analysis of Mesopotamian Buildings from the Late Bronze Age till the Parthian Period (1994) | ||
| University of California at Los Angeles: 1994, 814 p. | ||
| Abstract:
The study of Mesopotamian buildings in general and of the Late Bronze Age till the Parthian period (ca. 1600 B.C.-224 A.D.) in specific is hampered by the shortage of fully excavated and/or preserved floor plans within clear contexts. Therefore, purely architectural data were used which do not rely on texts, ceramics, seals and other objects associated with the buildings. The commonly used categorizations of these buildings were checked: period (e.g., Neo-Babylonian), type (e.g., palace) and region (e.g., Assyria). The corpus of 331 buildings which was available for analysis is large enough to be representative for the time period and geographical area (present-day Iraq and Northeast Syria). Unfortunately, due to varying levels of incompleteness of floor plan not all buildings yielded values for all variables. We performed a spatial analysis which focused on circulation and spacings. The circulation and access patterns were analyzed and quantified in two ways: real relative asymmetry and doorways per space. Moreover, the following spacings were distinguished and quantified: door width, longest side of a space and shortest side of a quadrilateral space. The spatial variables gleaned from the buildings from our corpus were then statistically analyzed. First, the distribution of the values for the separate variables was discussed. Furthermore, two kinds of cluster analyses were performed: hierarchical and partitioned. The results were mixed as far as a correspondence with the commonly used categorizations is concerned. Finally, discriminant analyses by categories (including some more cultural labels) and newly established clusters were carried out. The categories were confirmed as meaningful in the analysis, the clusters were less clearly significantly coherent. The circulation variable values helped to best distinguish the different groupings of buildings but the other variables did help to obtain better discrimination of a larger number of structures. In conclusion, the commonly used groupings based on type, region and underlying cultural strains were found in the discriminant analyses to be spatially distinctive. The attempts via cluster analyses to discover new groupings of the buildings along different lines however did not provide an outright alternative. [Author] | ||
| "Discriminant Analysis of Selected Spatial Variables Derived from Mesopotamian Buildings of the Late Bronze Age till the Parthian Period" (1997) | ||
| Mesopotamia, 1997, vol. 32, p. 271-288. | ||
| Dekhan, A. | ||
| "The Relationship of the Kushan and the Parthian Empire" (1974) | ||
| In: Tsentral' naya Aziya v kushanskuyu epokhu, I | ||
| Moscow: 1974, p. 113-117. | ||
| Del Monte, Giuseppe F. | ||
| Testi dalla Babilonia Ellenistica, 1: Testi Cronografici (1997) | ||
| In: Studi Ellenistici | ||
| Pisa-Roma: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, 1997 | ||
| Abstract: The work contains transliterations and translations with commentary, chronological and historical studies from Astronomical Diaries, Chronicles and other relevant texts on Macedonian, Seleucid and Parthian Babylonia. Volume II (Political, Legal, and Scien | ||
| Delorme, Paul | ||
| "Un empire oublié ou initiation au monnayage parthe (III)" (2001) | ||
| Numismatique et Change, 2001, no. 320 (Octobre), p. 57-59. | ||
| "Un empire oublié ou initiation au monnayage parthe (IV)" (2001) | ||
| Numismatique et Change, 2001, no. 321 (Novembre), p. 38-39. | ||
| "Un empire oublié ou initiation au monnayage parthe (I)" (2001) | ||
| Numismatique et Change, 2001, no. 318 (Juillet/Août), p. 31-33. | ||
| "Un empire oublié ou initiation au monnayage parthe (II)" (2001) | ||
| Numismatique et Change, 2001, no. 319 (septembre), p. 43-45. | ||
| "Drachme d'argent d'Artaban IV (216-224) dernier roi des Parthes" (2002) | ||
| Numismatique et Change, 2002, no. 330 (Septembre), p. 81-82. | ||
| "Un Empire oublié : Les Parthes" (2003) | ||
| In: Annales du Groupe Numismatique de Provence, XVI 2001 [2003] | ||
| 2003 | ||
| Musa : Esclave, reine et déesse (2005) | ||
| Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005, 316 p. | ||
| Abstract:
Roman historique. Musa, contrairement à Cléopâtre, dont elle est pratiquement la contemporaine, a été oubliée par l'histoire pendant vingt siècles; son existence n'est attestée que par de rares monnaies frappées à son effigie et par des auteurs classiques qui lui accordent quelques lignes. Pourtant la survenance de cette femme changea le cours des relations entre les deux super-puissances: l'empire romain d'Auguste et l'empire parthe de Phraatès IV. S'appuyant sur les textes anciens et les découvertes récentes des archéologues, ce livre est un voyage aux sources de notre civilisation. [l'Editeur] | ||
| Derakhshi, H. & Khademi, F. | ||
| "The chronological occupations of Zohak castle on the basis of three seasons of archaeological excavations (2000 – 2002)" (2006) | ||
| Bulletin of Parthian and Mixed Oriental Studies, 2006, vol. 1 | ||
| Desroches, Jean-Paul | ||
| L'Asie des steppes : d'Alexandre le Grand à Gengis Khan (2000) | ||
| Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux, 2000, 202 p. | ||
| Abstract: Several beautiful photos of Parthian artifacts. Full title: L'Asie des steppes : d'Alexandre le Grand à Gengis Khan : Barcelone, Centre cultural de la Fundació "la Caixa", 22 septembre-31 décembre 2000 : Paris, Musée national des arts asiatiques-Guimet, 23 janvier-2 avril 2001 : Madrid, Sala de exposiciones de la Fundación "la Caixa", 25 avril-1er juillet 2001 | ||
| Diakonoff, I. M. | ||
| "O Yazyke dokumentov iz drevnej Nisy" (1956) | ||
| Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, 1956, no. 4, p. 100-113. | ||
| "The progress of the work on the Nisa documents" (1957) | ||
| In: Franke, Herbert von (ed.), Akten des vierundzwanzigsten Internationalen Orientalisten-Kongresses (24th International Congress of Orientalists) München 28. August bis 4. September 1957 / hrsg. von Herbert Franke | ||
| Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1959, p. 521-524. | ||
| Diakonoff, I. M. & Livshits, V. A. | ||
| "Parfyanskoe tsarskoe khozyaystvo v Nise v. do n.e." [The Parthian Royal Economy in Nisa] (1960) | ||
| Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, no. 2, p. 14-38. | ||
| Abstract: Describes the inscriptions on the 2000 ostraca found at Nisa, which he believes are heterographic Parthian rather than Aramaic. Describes excavations at Nisa, near Ashkabad. Cited by Frye, 1984, p. 205. | ||
| "Dokumenti iz Nisi I v. do n.e. (Predvaritel'nie itogi raboti)" [Documents from Nisa of the 1st century B.C. (Preliminary Summary of the work)] (1960) | ||
| In: 25th International Congress of Orientalists | ||
| Moscow: 1960 | ||
| Abstract: Fragments of the ostraka discovered by the Russians at Nisa in the 1950s. The ostraka from Nisa are written in the same script as the parchments from Avroman and provide the only other truly contemporary Pahlavi documents. Richard A. Olson [Greek Letterforms, 39 fn.] refers us to this for a discussion of early Parthian epigraphy. | ||
| "Iz materialov Parfyanskoi Kantselyarii staroi Nisy" (1960) | ||
| In: Sbornik v chest I. A. Orbeli | ||
| 1960, vol. 2, p. 332. | ||
| "Novie nakhodki dokumentov v Staroy Nise" [New finds of documents in Old Nisa] (1966) | ||
| In: Peredneaziatskiy sbornik, II. Desifrovka i interpretacija pis'mennostej Drevnego Vostoka, Moskva | ||
| Moscow: 1966, p. 134-157, 169-173. | ||
| Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa (translated to Persian by Shahram Heydarabadian) (1976-1980) | ||
| 1976, 222 p. | ||
| Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa (1976-1980) | ||
| In: MacKenzie, D. N. (ed.), Corpus inscriptionum Iranicarum, Pt 2. Inscriptions of the Seleucid and Parthian periods and of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. v. 2. Parthian | ||
| London: P. Lund, Humphries, 1976 | ||
| Abstract:
A bibliography of finds related to the excavations at Nisa, near Ashkabad. Cited by Frye, 1984, p. 205. See reviews: P. O. Skjærvø, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 44/1 (1981), p. 222; S. Haruta, “Review: Diakonoff/Livshits, Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa”, The Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters Tokai University, 81 (2004), pp. 137-143. See also review by Almuth Degener on the Fravahr.org web site Contents: Pt. 2. Inscriptions of the Seleucid and Parthian periods and of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. -- v. 2. Parthian. [no. 1] Parthian economic documents from Nisa: Plates I (123 b/w plates, 1976). [no. 2] Parthian economic documents from Nisa: Plates II (124-330 = 206 b/w plates, 1977). [no. 3] Parthian economic documents from Nisa: Plates III (1979). [no. 4] Parthian economic documents from Nisa: Texts I (1977). | ||
| Diakonoff, I. M. & Zeimal, E. V. | ||
| "Pravitel" Parfii Andragor i ego monet'" (1988) | ||
| Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, 1988, no. 4, p. 4-19. | ||
| "The Parthian Dynast Andragoras and his Coins" [in Russian] (1988) | ||
| Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, 1988, vol. 187, no. 4, p. 4-19. | ||
| Abstract: Michael Alram wrote a short commentary about this article in "Stand und Aufgaben der arsakidischen Numismatik", in Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse, J. Wiesehöfer ed., Historia Einzelschriften 122, Stuttgart 1998, 369-370. | ||
| Diakonoff, I. M., Diakonoff, M. M. & Livshits, V. A. | ||
| "Dokumenty iz drevney Nisy" (1924) | ||
| Leningrad: 1924 | ||
| "Nalogovye parfianskie dokumenty II v. do n.e. iz Nisy" [in Russian, Parthian taxation documents of the second century B.C. from Nisa] (1951) | ||
| In: Materialy IUTAKE, vol 2 | ||
| Moscow: 1951 | ||
| "Parfianskij archiv iz drevnej Nisy" [in Russian] (1953) | ||
| Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, 1953, no. 4, p. 114-130. | ||
| Diakonoff, M. M. | ||
| Ocherk istorii drevnego Irana (1961) | ||
| Moscow: 1961 | ||
| Dien, Albert E. | ||
| "A Brief Survey of Defensive Armor Across Asia" (2000) | ||
| Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 2000, vol. 2, no. 3-4 (Sep), p. 1-22. | ||
| Abstract: Scale armor had a long history in the Near East and was almost exclusively the armor of the steppeland nomads. While depictions of Scythians in art seldom show them wearing armor, extensive archaeological finds yield scale armor. The Sarmatians were famed for scale armor which covered their bodies and that of their horses. Scale armor reached its furthest level of development among the Parthian cataphracti. The armor included flexible ring armor for the arms and legs. On the other hand, lamellar armor in the form of a long, caftan-like very supple suit was the dominant type of armor during the Sasanian period and eventually was introduced into Eastern Turkestan and China. The Khalchayan site has depictions of both light and heavy armored figures, but the manner in which the square laminae were joined is not clear. The Kushan rulers of Bactria shown on coins emphasized light cavalry, but later ones are depicted in scale or plate armor with the flexible ring leg and arm armor. As depicted in art, the armor of this area displayed Greco-Roman influences as well as that of the Indians to the south and the nomads to the north. [Author] | ||
| Dieudonné, A. | ||
| Monnaies Romaines et Byzantines récemment acquises par le cabinet es mèdailles: Labiénus (1899) | ||
| Revue Numismatique, 1899, tome/ser. 4, vol. 3, p. 177-179. | ||
| Abstract: Discussion and plate of Q. Labienus coins, pp. 177-179 and pl. 3, 1 (the Münzen und Medaillen Public Sale #43 lot 242 aureus) | ||
| "Numismatique syrienne, Émèse" (1906) | ||
| Revue Numismatique, 1906, vol. 10, p. 132-155. | ||
| "La Mission de Suse" (1929) | ||
| Revue Numismatique, 1929, tome/ser. 4, vol. 32, p. 27-34. | ||
| Dieulafoy, Jane | ||
| "The Excavations At Susa" (1887) | ||
| Harper's Magazine, 1887, no. June | ||
| Abstract: This informative 21-page, illustrated article is full of facts about the 1881 French expedition by the wealthy Dieulafoy household into Persia to explore the desolate region that in ancient times was the great Persian empires of Artaxerxes and Darius. This article is an extremely well-written summary of the entire expedition by Madame Jane Dieulafoy, one of the principle archeologists leading the venture. She describes in exact detail the topography, climate, difficulties, and discoveries encountered in this great work. Madame Dieulfoy received the French distinction, the Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor for her indefatigable courage in spearheading this expedition. Very few women have ever earned the Legion of Honor. Some of the prominent sites discovered included the tomb of Daniel, the palace of Artaxerxes, Enameled Lions at the palace gate, palace of Darius, and others. The article takes on the aura of an adventure story as the trek back to the Persian Gulf over 200 miles of desert met with logistical difficulties transporting massive archaeological finds and bandits who harried the travelers constantly. This 1887 article was the first public report of this monumental archaeological find, and the article itself is a fascinating step back to a great day in archaeology. This is not a modern reprint, but rather, the authentic 114-year old magazine article in its original state. There are facts, observations, and insights here that can not be found in any of today's sources. This is a great source of Persian archaeological history. There are 15 engraved illustrations including: The Seal of Artaxerxes - portraits of Monsieur and Madame Jane Dieulafoy - Tomb of Daniel - Transporting the Treasures Across the Jungle - Enameled Brick Staircase - Colossal Lion in Enameled Faience, and others. | ||
| La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane : Relation de voyage (1887) | ||
| In: Western books: The Middle East from the Rise of Islam. Unit 5 ; fiches 4,931-4,940 | ||
| Paris: Hachette, 1887, 357 p. | ||
| A Suse : journal des fouilles, 1884-1886 (1888) | ||
| In: Western books: The Middle East from the rise of Islam. Unit 6 ; fiches 5,735-5,73 | ||
| Paris: Hachette, 1888, 366 p. | ||
| "La Perse, la Chaldee et la Susiane par Madame Jane Dieulafoy" (1888) | ||
| In: Le Tour Du Monde | ||
| Paris: 1888 | ||
| Abstract: La Perse, la Chaldee et la Susiane par Madame Jane Dieulafoy. Iman Zadeh Jaffary, Minaret et Mosaiques Mogols, le Salaire Recalme par le Protecteur des Etrangers, Le Palais de Farah Abad, le Tarkte Soliman, le Champ de Bataille de Golnabad, le Cimetiere Armenien, Circoncision des Tombes Chretiennes, Abad | ||
| Dieulafoy, Marcel A. | ||
| Monuments parthes et sassanides (1884-1889) | ||
| In: L'art antique de la Perse; Achéménides, Parthes, Sassanides, vol. 5 | ||
| Paris: Librairie centrale d'architecture, 1889 | ||
| La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane (1887) | ||
| Paris: 1887 | ||
| L'acropole de Suse, d'après les fouilles exécutées en 1884, 1885, 1886; sous les auspices du Musée du Louvre (1890-1892) | ||
| Paris: Hachette, 1892 | ||
| Dijkstra, K. | ||
| "Aramese votiefteksten en votiefgeschenken uit Hatra" (1994) | ||
| Phoenix, 1994, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 184-94. | ||
| Dilleman, L. | ||
| Haute Mésopotamie orientale et pays adjacents; contribution à la géographie historique de la région, du Ve s. avant l'ère chrétienne au VIe s. de cette ère (1962) | ||
| In: Bibliothèque archéologique et historique ; t. 72 | ||
| Paris: P. Geuthner, 1962 | ||
| Abstract: Reading suggestion for caravan sites. | ||
| Dilmaghani, J. | ||
| "Parthian coins from Mithradates II to Orodes II" (1986) | ||
| Numismatic Chronicle, 1986, vol. 146, p. 216-224. | ||
| Abstract: This note deals with the attribution of the coins from Mithradates II to Orodes II. A brief review of progress achieved so far concludes that the sequence of coins derived by Morkholm (NC 1980) is satisfactory. By considering the coins of other dynasties contemporary with the Parthians, the cuneiform tablets from Babylonian and the Parthian drachms, conclusions regarding the attributions and duration of each king's reign are reached. [Author] | ||
| Dimand, Maurice Sven | ||
| "Parthian and Sassanian Art" (1933) | ||
| Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1933, p. 79-81. | ||
| Dimand, Maurice Sven & McAllister, H. E. | ||
| Near Eastern jewelry; a picture book (1944) | ||
| In: Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) Picture books ; [no. 25] | ||
| New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944 | ||
| Abstract: Three plates illustrate a buckle, a fibula and five earrings. | ||
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