| Mathiesen, H. E. | ||
| "A Note on the Dating of the Parthian Rock Relief at Hung-I Nauruzi" (1985) | ||
| Acta Archæologica, 1985, vol. 56, p. 191-196. | ||
| "Stylistic Trends in Late Parthian Sculpture. A Survey" (1988-1989) | ||
| 1989, vol. 17-18, no. 1988-89 | ||
| Sculpture in the Parthian Empire: A Study in Chronology (1992) | ||
| In: 2 volumes | ||
| Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1992 | ||
| Abstract:
A study on the chronology of the sculpure, primarily large-scale, of the Parthian Empire. The catalogue describes individual sculptural monuments and enumerates results and proposals of previous research. The text volume attempts to date the monuments according to their style and other criteria (such as iconographical traits, historical identifications or the contents of accompanying inscriptions and technical details). The study deals with sculptures from the central part of the Parthian Empire, defined as the area from around the Euphrates in the west (including a few monuments from Edesa and ancient Armenia) to the eastern frontiers of Iran, and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Parthyene, the southern part of Soviet Turkmenistan, in the north. However, some ivory reliefs found at Olbia and normally included in studies on Parthian art are also treated here. [Publisher] Contents: Volume I: Early Parthian sculpture (c. 250-1 BC); Middle Parthian sculpture (c. 1-150 AD); Late Parthian sculpture (c. 150-225 AD) - Late Parthian I (c. 150-200 AD), Late Parthian II (c. 200-225); Sub-Parthian sculpture at Hatra (the 230s AD); appendices - a survey of the sculpture of Hatra, the sculptures of Dura-Europos, the testimony of the coins, commagene, the sculpture of Antiochos I Theos (c. 69-36 BC), Parthian kings. Volume II Catalogue: Elymais-Susiana; Persis; the Persian Gulf; Central Iran; Iranian Kurdistan; Iraqi Kurdistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Greater Mesopotamia; museums and private collections. | ||
| Mattern, Susan P. | ||
| Rome and the enemy : imperial strategy in the principate (1999) | ||
| Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, xviii+259 p. | ||
| Abstract:
How did the Romans build and maintain one of the most powerful and stable empires in the history of the world? This illuminating book draws on the literature, especially the historiography, composed by the members of the elite who conducted Roman foreign affairs. From this evidence, Susan P. Mattern reevaluates the roots, motivations, and goals of Roman imperial foreign policy especially as that policy related to warfare. In a major reinterpretation of the sources, Rome and the Enemy shows that concepts of national honor, fierce competition for status, and revenge drove Roman foreign policy, and though different from the highly rationalizing strategies often attributed to the Romans, dictated patterns of response that remained consistent over centuries. Mattern reconstructs the world view of the Roman decision-makers, the emperors, and the elite from which they drew their advisers. She discusses Roman conceptions of geography, strategy, economics, and the influence of traditional Roman values on the conduct of military campaigns. She shows that these leaders were more strongly influenced by a traditional, stereotyped perception of the enemy and a drive to avenge insults to their national honor than by concepts of defensible borders. In fact, the desire to enforce an image of Roman power was a major policy goal behind many of their most brutal and aggressive campaigns. Rome and the Enemy provides a fascinating look into the Roman mind in addition to a compelling reexamination of Roman conceptions of warfare and national honor. The resulting picture creates a new understanding of Rome's long mastery of the Mediterranean world. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. [Publisher] | ||
| Matthiae, Karl & Schönert-Geiss, Edith | ||
| Münzen aus der urchristlichen Umwelt (1991) | ||
| Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1991, 128 p. | ||
| Abstract: See chapter: "Judaea unter römischer Herrschaft und der Vorstoß der Parther". Coin 49 is a rare example of the Parthian triumph arch, unknown except for the coins. | ||
| Matyszak, Philip | ||
| The enemies of Rome : from Hannibal to Attila the Hun (2004) | ||
| London: Thames & Hudson, 2005, 296 p. | ||
| Abstract:
The gripping stories of the most colourful and formidable characters to challenge the might of rome.... Hannibal, Arminius, Boudicca, Josephus, Decebalus, Shapur I, Phillip V, Zenobia, Vitiathus, Alaric, Jugurtha, Attila, Mithridates, Spartacus, Vercingetorix, Orodes II, Cleopatra. Until recently it was assumed that Rome carried the torch of civilization into the barbarian darkness,bringing law,architecture and literate to conquered peoples.An alternative view now suggests that many of Rome's enemies - the Celts and Dacian's for example - were developing civilisations in their own right before obliteration at the Roman sword. [Publisher] | ||
| Maurer, K. | ||
| "Gallus' Parthian Bow" (1998) | ||
| Latomus, 1998, vol. 57, no. 3, p. 578. | ||
| Mawer, Caroline | ||
| "The Greatness that was Parthia" (review, lecture by Antonio Invernizzi) (2007) | ||
| CAIS Archaeological and Cultural News, 2007, no. 8 August 2007 | ||
| Abstract: Review of lecture presented by Professor Antonio Invernizzi, University of Turin at the British Museum's Vladimir G. Lukonin Memorial Lecture, British Museum, London, 10 July 2007. | ||
| Mayrhofer, Manfred | ||
| "Zu den Parther-Namen der griechischen Awroman-Dokumente" (1974) | ||
| In: Mémorial Jean de Menasce | ||
| Louvain: 1974, p. 205-213. | ||
| "Zum Namengut des Avesta" (1977) | ||
| In: Verdffentlichungen der iranischen Kommission, hrsg. v. M. Mayrhofer, Bd. 3 | ||
| Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1977, vol. 308 | ||
| Mazda, A. | ||
| "Die Glaskunst des Parther-Reiches" (1976) | ||
| In: Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses für Iranische Kunst und Archäologie : München, 7.-10. September 1976. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. Ergänzungsband 6 | ||
| Berlin: D. Reimer, 1977, 246 p. | ||
| Abstract: Paper read at congress but not included in the Proceedings. | ||
| McCabe, James D. | ||
| The pictorial history of the world (1878) | ||
| Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1878, 1342 p. | ||
| Abstract:
Full title: The pictorial history of the world; embracing full and authentic accounts of every nation of ancient and modern times. Showing the causes of their prosperity and decline. With sketches of the leading characters in the world's history. There is a revised edition, 1907 by J.R. Jones, "brought down to the present time by Henry Davenport Northrop, the Well-Known Historian." See Book XIV, The Parthian Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Parthian Monarchy | ||
| McCown, C. C. | ||
| "Epigraphic Gleanings in Transjordan" (1937) | ||
| Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 1937, vol. 66, p. 20. | ||
| McDowell, Robert Harbold | ||
| "The excavations at Seleucia on the Tigris" (1932) | ||
| Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 1932, vol. 18, p. 101-119. | ||
| Stamped and Inscribed Objects from Seleucia on the Tigris (1935) | ||
| In: University of Michigan studies. Humanistic series ; v. 36 | ||
| Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935 | ||
| Abstract: Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Michigan, 1933 | ||
| The Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris (1935) | ||
| In: University of Michigan studies. Humanistic series. vol. 37 | ||
| Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935, xiv+248 p. | ||
| Abstract: Seleucid & Parthian coins found in 1920's-30's at Seleucia on the Tigris in the University of Michigan excavetions. --pt. I. Coins of the Seleucid period. --pt. II. Coins of the Parthian period. | ||
| The geography of Parthian Iran. 1 ; Notes on Parthian political history. 2. (1936) | ||
| 1936 | ||
| Abstract: 36 type-written sheets. Sections 3 & 4 of his Guggenheim Fellowship Report, 1936. | ||
| "The Indo-Parthian Frontier" (1939) | ||
| American Historical Review, 1939, vol. 44, no. 4 (July), p. 781-801. | ||
| McEwan, G. J. P. | ||
| "Arsacid Temple Records" (1981) | ||
| Iraq, 1981, vol. 43, p. 131-143. | ||
| Abstract: Translates a tablet dated 219 SE (= 94/3 B.C., from the reign of Mithradates II), in which the scribe gives an account of re-smelting gold probably "as a means of insuring the standard of the coinage". This is found in tablet AB 245 (ex Bodleian Library, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK). The author comments that "gold is not attested in the economic texts of the Seleucid period, but to judge from the fact that it is mentioned here in relatively small quantities as gifts to the temple, it would seem that it was again in general circulation during the Arsacid period." | ||
| "A Parthian Campaign against Elymais in 77 B.C." (1986) | ||
| Iran, 1986, vol. 24, p. 91-94. | ||
| McGovern, William Montgomery | ||
| The early empires of Central Asia; a study of the Scythians and the Huns and the part they played in world history, with special reference to the Chinese sources (1939) | ||
| Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939 | ||
| Meadows, Andrew & Williams, Roderick (eds.) | ||
| Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Great Britain, Vol. XIII, The Collection of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle upon Tyne (2005) | ||
| Oxford University Press, 2005, 50 p. | ||
| Abstract:
A fully illustrated catalogue of over 1000 Greek coins in the collection of the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, this publication offers within a single volume a remarkably full survey of the broad sweep of Greek coinage. The particularly rich collection held at Newcastle contains a number of important and rare coins, drawn from all areas of the Greek world, from Spain, Numidia and Carthage in the West to Greece, Asia Minor and the Levant in the East. The Newcastle collection has its origins in the exceptional group of Greek coins presented to the Society in 1852 by Algernon, 4th Duke of Northumberland. The collection was further augmented in 1932 through the bequest of Mrs E. F. Streatfeild. [Publisher] Includes two Parthian coins: 850, 851. | ||
| Medinger, P. | ||
| "L'arc turquois et les archers parthes à la bataille de Carrhes" (1933) | ||
| Revue Archéologique, 1933, tome/ser. 6, vol. 2, p. 227. | ||
| Mehdiabadi, Maliheh | ||
| Bistoon Is Built on Old Cemeteries; An interview with Maliheh Mehdiabadi (2003) | ||
| In: Etemaad, Daily Newspaper, Vol. 1, No. 273, May. 29th, 2003, Page 8 Word Count : 1664 | ||
| Etemaad Daily Newspaper, 2003, vol. 1, no. 273 (29 May), p. 8. | ||
| Abstract: Bistoon whose historical name was Tarbaghestan is located 30 km from Kermanshah and was used as a passage from Ekbatan to Babylon during the Achaemenid era. It was used as a trade path along the Silk Road during the Sassanid and Ashkanid eras. Explorations in Bistoon ground to a halt after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. In 1999, a new round of excavations got underway in Bistoon after 23 years and Maliheh Mehdiabadi led the project. But in 2001, about 128 monuments were registered as cultural heritage under a single number. [Intro] | ||
| Mehr Kian, J. | ||
| "Découvertes de nouveaux bas-reliefs d'Elymaïde" (1999) | ||
| In: Boucharlat, Rémy (ed.), Empires Perses d'Alexandre aux Sassanides | ||
| Dossiers d'Archeologie, 1999, no. 243, p. 61. | ||
| "Trois bas-reliefs parthes dans les months Bakhtiaris" (2001) | ||
| Iranica Antiqua, 2001, vol. 36 | ||
| Meillet, A. | ||
| La religion indo-européenne (1921) | ||
| Paris: 1921 | ||
| "De l'influence Parth sur la langue Arménienne" (1921-1922) | ||
| Revue des Études Arméniennes, 1922, vol. 1, p. 9-14. | ||
| "De quelques mots parthes en arménien" (1922) | ||
| Revue des Études Arméniennes, 1922, vol. 2, p. 1-6. | ||
| Melikian-Chirvani, A. S. | ||
| "Le rhyton selon les sources persanes: Essai sur la continuité culturelle iranienne de l'Antiquité a Islam" (1982) | ||
| Paris: Studia Iranica, 1982, vol. 11, p. 263-292. | ||
| "The Iranian Wine Horn from Pre-Achaemenid Antiquity to the Safavid Age" (1996) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 1996, tome/ser. New, vol. 10, p. 85-139. | ||
| Abstract: Discusses the rhyton and illustrates several examples from different periods; wine horns were used in the wine banquet, one of the most important ceremonies at Iranian courts, for a symbolic pouring of sacrificial blood. Drinking horns of precious metal terminating in the foreparts of a sacrificial animal are already known from the Achaemenid period, 5th/4th century BC, but the courtly ceremony and thus the manufacture of such horns continued well into the Islamic period. | ||
| A. S. Melikian-Chirvani, "Early Iranian Jade" (2000) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 2000, tome/ser. New, vol. 11 | ||
| Abstract: In a discussion of the use of jade in the Iranian world from Parthian times on, the author discusses a weapon fitting from Samarqand excavated from a tumulus dated by Uzbek archaeologists to the 1st through 3d centuries A.D. | ||
| Menasce, J. P. de | ||
| "Un cachet parthe" (1962) | ||
| Syria, 1962, vol. 39, p. 225-230. | ||
| Menegazzi, Roberta | ||
| "Le figure femminili ammantate nella coroplastica di Seleucia al Tigri" (2005) | ||
| Parthica, 2005, vol. 7 | ||
| "La coroplastica della Mesopotamia ellenizzata" (2007) | ||
| In: Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.), Sulla via di Alessandro da Seleucia al Gandhara (Catalog of the exhibition, Palazzo Madama, Torino, 27 Feb to 27 May 2007) | ||
| Torino: Edizioni Silvana Editoriale, 2007 | ||
| Merwin, S. | ||
| Die Seidenstrasse (1952) | ||
| Wolfgang Krüger, 1952 | ||
| Abstract: Novel set on the Silk Road in the 1st century A.D. at the height of the Han dynasty before Trajan's war on Parthia. | ||
| Meshkeris, Veronika | ||
| "The Musical Culture of Eastern Parthia and Hellenistic East: Parallels in Fine Art and Architecture" (1998) | ||
| In: "Music Archaeology of Metal Ages," 9th International Symposium of the "Study Group on Music Archaeology", 18-24 May 1998, Kloster Michaelstein in Blankenburg, Germany | ||
| 1998 | ||
| Abstract: Rich iconographic material and written sources testify to the highly developed musical culture of Eastern Parthian territories (Parthyena and Margiana). The famous rhythm from Old Nasi, irrespective of the problem of their provenance, are a result of the perception of Hellenistic culture by the early Arsacida. An East-Hellenistic synthesis of the instruments on the Nisa rhythm and Western Parthian parallels on terracottas. A list of Parthian musical instruments in Herodian and Plutarch, the "Asiatic cither" (Strabo), representations on Parthian coins. The minstrely at the courts of Parthian nobles (and rhythm from Olbia). "Musical" friezes of the Nisa rhythm and friezes of Parthian and Kushan architecture, their common genesis, Hellenistic-Eastern synthesis, frieze compositions with the depiction of musicians holding various instruments which alternate with decoration elements (grapes, hop) connected with ritual libation as a trait in common in the architecture of Hellenized East (Hatra, Surkh Kotal, Taxila, Fayaz-tepe, Khalchayan etc.). A problem of "musical" friezes in the architecture of palace-temple complexes in connection with further reconstruction and study of architectonics of standard monumental structures. Unlike Parthyena, Margiana was a centre of distinctive stringed instruments and of peculiar funeral rites of Musian character. The short lute was a traditional folk instrument there (its local name was brabat). The ritual theme of the well-known vase from Old merv and ritual scenes depicting musicians on objects of Eastern tereutics, which are connected with Mihragan, an Iranian and Middle Asian analogy of the Dionysus festivals. The musical culture of Eastern Parthia in the light of new research of hellenistic topics and of the instrumental art of Bactri (Takht-i Sanguin, Zart-tepe, Old Termez, Dal ´verzin-tepe, the Bartym goblet). The confluence of two different art schools - élite and alien that in Parthyena and traditional local that in Margiana- is a synthesis that determined originality of the musical culture of Eastern Parthia. [Author, St. Petersburg, Russia] | ||
| Messina, V. | ||
| "Presto saro' re". Seleuco IV come Helios sulle cretule da Seleucia al Tigri (2001) | ||
| Parthica, 2001, vol. 3 | ||
| "More gentis Parthicæ. Ritratti barbuti di Demetrio II sulle impronte di sigillo da Seleucia al Tigri" (2003) | ||
| Parthica, 2003, vol. 5, p. 21-36. | ||
| "Nike on the clay sealings from Seleucia on the Tigris" (2006) | ||
| Parthica, 2006, vol. 8, p. 17-24. | ||
| Messina, Vito | ||
| "Seleucia al Tigri" (2007) | ||
| In: Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.), Sulla via di Alessandro da Seleucia al Gandhara (Catalog of the exhibition, Palazzo Madama, Torino, 27 Feb to 27 May 2007) | ||
| Torino: Edizioni Silvana Editoriale, 2007 | ||
| Metzler, D. | ||
| "Das Pferd auf Münzen des Labienus - ein Mithrassymbol" (1978) | ||
| In: Festschr. F.K. Dörner, Bd. 2 | ||
| Leiden: 1978, p. 619-638. | ||
| Meyer, Hans | ||
| "Die Arsakiden-Münzen" (1982) | ||
| Money Trend, 1982, vol. 14, no. 10 (Oct), p. 23-27. | ||
| Michalak, M. | ||
| "The Origins and Development of the Sassanian Heavy Cavalry" (1987) | ||
| In: New Eastern Studies in Honor of Józef Wolski | ||
| Folia Orientalia, 1987, vol. 24, p. 73-86. | ||
| Abstract: Suggests that the heavy armoured Seleucid cavalry was the model for the Parthian cavalry. | ||
| Michalowski, K. | ||
| Palmyre, fouilles polonaises 1959- (1960-) | ||
| Warsaw & Paris: | ||
| Mielczarek, Mariusz | ||
| Cataphracti and clibanarii : studies on the heavy armoured cavalry of the ancient world (1993) | ||
| In: Studies on the history of ancient and medieval art of warfare ; v. 1 | ||
| Lódz: Oficyna Naukowa MS, 1993, 145 p. | ||
| Abstract: Ttranslated by Maria Abramowicz. Text in English with a summary in Polish. Mielczarek makes a convincing case for the Parthian origin of heavy armored cavalry. A must-have book for anyone interested in the Parthian military system. | ||
| Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Poland Volume I, The Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum in Lodz, Part 4, Galatia - Zeugitana (1998) | ||
| Krakow: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1998 | ||
| Abstract:
This thin book gives a description of 313 coins, illustrated on 25 plates, including: Persian Empire: 1 coin (no 132) Elymais: 2 coins (no 133-134) Parthia: 20 coins (no 135-154) | ||
| The archaeological and ethnological museum in Lodz. Part 4, Galatia - Zeugitana (1998) | ||
| In: Sylloge nummorum Graecorum. Poland ; vol. 1, part 4 | ||
| Krakow: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1998, 49 p. | ||
| Abstract: Contains coins of Elymais (133-134) and Parthia (135-154). | ||
| "Cataphracts - a Parthian element in the Seleucid art of war" (1998) | ||
| In: Dabrowa, Edward, Ancient Iran and the mediterranean world. Proceedings of an international conference in honour of Professor Józef Wolski held at the Jagiellonian university, Cracow, in September 1996 (Electrum. Studies in Ancient History. 2.) | ||
| 1998, p. 101-105. | ||
| Recent Publications - Page 39 |
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